PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF GASTROINTESTINAL AND ECTOPARASITES IN SMALL RUMINANTS WITHIN MAKURDI METROPOLIS, NIGERIA

PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF GASTROINTESTINAL AND ECTOPARASITES IN SMALL RUMINANTS WITHIN MAKURDI METROPOLIS, NIGERIA

Abstract

Parasitic infections remain a major constraint to small ruminant production, particularly in developing regions where livestock management practices are often suboptimal. This study investigates the prevalence, distribution, and intensity of gastrointestinal and ectoparasitic infestations among sheep and goats in Makurdi metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional design was adopted, involving the random selection of 100 animals (50 goats and 50 sheep) from abattoirs and local markets. Standard parasitological diagnostic techniques, including flotation, sedimentation, and McMaster egg count methods, were employed to identify and quantify parasite load. The findings revealed a high prevalence of both endoparasites and ectoparasites, with commonly identified species including Haemonchus contortus, coccidia, Amblyomma spp., Dermacentor spp., and lice species such as Damatopinus and Hematopinus. The majority of infections were subclinical but had significant implications for productivity and animal health. The study highlights the influence of environmental, management, and host-related factors on parasite burden and underscores the need for integrated parasite control strategies. These findings provide a scientific basis for improving livestock health management and enhancing agricultural productivity in the region.

Introduction

Small ruminants such as sheep and goats play a crucial role in the socio-economic development of many rural communities in Nigeria, serving as sources of meat, income, and livelihood security. However, their productivity is significantly compromised by parasitic infections, which remain among the most pervasive health challenges in livestock production systems. Gastrointestinal parasites, including nematodes and protozoa, as well as ectoparasites such as ticks, lice, and mites, contribute to reduced growth rates, poor feed efficiency, anemia, and, in severe cases, mortality.

The epidemiology of parasitic infections in ruminants is influenced by several interacting factors, including climatic conditions, grazing patterns, animal husbandry practices, and host immunity. In tropical environments like Makurdi, characterized by warm temperatures and high humidity, conditions are particularly favorable for the development and transmission of parasitic organisms. Consequently, livestock raised under these conditions are at increased risk of infection and reinfection throughout the year.

Internal parasites, particularly gastrointestinal nematodes such as Haemonchus contortus, are widely recognized as major pathogens affecting small ruminants. These parasites colonize the digestive tract, leading to nutrient depletion, blood loss, and compromised immune function. Similarly, protozoan infections such as coccidiosis can significantly affect young animals, resulting in diarrhea and reduced weight gain. On the other hand, ectoparasites such as ticks and lice not only cause direct physical damage but also act as vectors for secondary infections, further exacerbating health challenges.

Despite the recognized impact of parasitic infections, there remains a gap in localized epidemiological data necessary for effective control strategies. In Makurdi metropolis, livestock production is largely characterized by traditional and semi-intensive systems, where animals are often exposed to contaminated pastures and inadequate veterinary care. This underscores the importance of conducting empirical studies to assess the prevalence and distribution of parasitic infections in this region.

Statement of the Problem

Parasitic infections in sheep and goats continue to undermine livestock productivity and economic sustainability in Nigeria. Although various control measures exist, their effectiveness is often limited by inadequate knowledge of parasite prevalence, resistance patterns, and environmental risk factors. In Makurdi metropolis, increasing reports of poor animal performance, weight loss, and mortality among small ruminants suggest a significant burden of parasitic diseases. However, comprehensive data on the prevalence and intensity of these infections remain insufficient, thereby hindering the development of targeted and cost-effective intervention strategies.

Justification of the Study

Understanding the epidemiology of parasitic infections in small ruminants is essential for improving animal health and optimizing production efficiency. This study is justified by the need to generate empirical data that will inform evidence-based parasite control programs. By identifying the predominant parasite species and their distribution patterns, the study provides valuable insights for veterinarians, livestock farmers, and policymakers. Furthermore, the research contributes to the broader goal of enhancing food security and rural livelihoods through improved livestock management practices.

Aim and Objectives of the Study

The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and distribution of gastrointestinal and ectoparasites among sheep and goats in Makurdi metropolis.

The specific objectives are to identify and characterize the major internal and external parasites affecting small ruminants, assess variations in infection based on age and sex of the animals, determine the intensity of parasitic infestations, and compare the prevalence rates between different sampling locations within the study area.

Scope of the Study

This research focuses on sheep and goats within Makurdi metropolis, specifically targeting animals sourced from major locations such as Wadata and Wurukum. The study encompasses both gastrointestinal and ectoparasitic infections and evaluates their prevalence using standard laboratory diagnostic techniques.